![]() Cat consuma o centrala termica electrica ? Consumul unei centrale electrice este dat in primul rand de puterea acesteia in KW. Consumul maxim pe care il poate avea o centrala termica electrica va fi puterea ei declarata in KW / ora. Sigur ca nu acesta va fi si consumul mediu. Spre exemplu, avem un apartament cu 3 camere, iar dupa calculele termice facute rezulta un necesar de incalzire de 9 KW. Trecem la achizitia unei centrale termice electrice de 9 sau 1. KW. Consumul estimativ mediu lunar aferent lunilor considerate a fi de iarna ( octombrie, noiembrie, decembrie, ianuarie, februarie si martie ) se va calcula dupa cum urmeaza: 9 KW/h x 4 sau 6h/zi ( valoare medie aproximativa ) x 3. KW / luna. Inmultiti cu valoarea unui KW ( functie de tariful ales in baza contractului cu furnizorul de energie electrica ) si va rezulta pretul estimativ pe care il veti avea de plata / luna de iarna. Factori care influenteaza consumul unei centrale termice electrice: izolatia termica a imobilului ( polistiren, vata minerala, geam termopan sau lemn stratificat, balcon inchis si incalzit) si gradul de inertie termica al cladirii in care se afla amplasat imobilul dvs ( gradul de incalzire al apartamentelor din vecinatate cu care aveti perete comun, gradul de incalzire al suprafetelor comune ale blocului, etc )alegerea corecta a centralei termice electrice, buna dimensionare a puterii acesteia ( de mentionat ca supradimensionarea centralei termice electrice va duce la un consum mai ridicat, deci centrala electrica trebuie achizitionata cu o putere suplimentara de maxim 1. Scriu acest articol pentru a clarifica anumite aspecte referitoare la eficienta pompelor de caldura. E foarte logic ca eficienta / randamentul lor depinde de.![]() ![]() Termoseminee Boomar, Profita de 20% reducere-doar 5500lei Oferim transport, instalare, garantie 3 ani! · de ce ar avea modelul Vitodens 050 mai multe defectiuni decat Vitodens 100-W.? Deocamdata situatia nu se prezinta deloc asa. De fapt, oricare dintre ele constituie. Fondul suveran al Norvegiei depaseste pragul simbolic de 1.000 de miliarde de dolari. Fondul suveran al Norvegiei, cel mai mare din lume, a depasit marti pentru prima.
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Image to Text & PDF to Text OCR for Visual Studio Pass IronOCR single or multi page scanned images to receive all text, barcode, & QR content in. Dictionary supports 19 languages: Chinese, Danish, Dutch, English, Russian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Kazakh, Latin, Norwegian, Polish. Our software is free for all non- commercial purposes. It may be re- distributed freely, but only in its original, unaltered form. ![]() The Facebook Mom Problem Is Real. My mom loves me. But she also “likes” me—a lot. And apparently, when she does so on Facebook, it’s hurting my chances of becoming the next viral sensation. On his blog, engineer Chris Aldrich explains what he calls The Facebook Algorithm Mom Problem. When you post something on Facebook, and your mom is the first to like it (and how can she not? Facebook thinks it’s a family- related piece of content and sets the audience accordingly. Facebook’s process for determining what goes into your News Feed is frustratingly opaque. However,…Read more Here’s Aldrich’s dilemma: I write my content on my own personal site. I automatically syndicate it to Facebook. My mom, who seems to be on Facebook 2. The Facebook algorithm immediately thinks that because my mom liked it, it must be a family related piece of content–even if it’s obviously about theoretical math, a subject in which my mom has no interest or knowledge. ![]() My mom has about 1. Facebook; 4. 5 of them overlap with mine and the vast majority of those are close family members). The algorithm narrows the presentation of the content down to very close family. Then my mom’s sister sees it and clicks “like” moments later. Now Facebook’s algorithm has created a self- fulfilling prophesy and further narrows the audience of my post. As a result, my post gets no further exposure on Facebook other than perhaps five people–the circle of family that overlaps in all three of our social graphs. I, too, have a like- happy mom. Two seconds after I post a story I’ve written—say, a 3,0. She hasn’t read it, and probably never will, but she likes seeing her daughter’s face on her computer, and really, who can protest the unconditional support? But because of her eager click, Facebook lumps the content in with my photos of Baby’s First Avocado, and shows it only to a small group of family members. While early likes by other relatives may have a similar effect, Aldrich says the algorithm problem does seem to be mostly mom- oriented. Until Facebook stops penalizing mom auto- likes, Aldrich writes that you can sidestep the problem with a little extra effort. Here’s how to make sure your Facebook posts reach an audience beyond Mom, Aunt Susie and Uncle Ken in Kansas. Set the privacy settings of your post to either “Friends except mom” or “Public except mom.”I know what you’re thinking. I get the following error when trying to connect to SQL Server: Cannot connect to 108.163.224.173. A network-related or instance-specific error occurred while. Learn what you need to know to become a SQL Server DBA. Advice, interview tips, SQL resources and much more. Discover what it's really like to be a SQL DBA. · I have an issue with the report server. We used to have a web farm and not scaled down to a single sql server with the reporting components. How awful! How can you do that to your own mother? Did you know that birthing you took 3. Millennials! Wait, wait, wait, everyone. There’s a step two. At the end of the day, or as soon as it seems as though the post reached its maximum audience, change the audience settings to “friends” or “public.” Aldrich has been doing this, and has been seeing more impressions on his posts. I’m happy to report that generally the intended audience which I wanted to see the post actually sees it,” he writes. Mom just gets to see it a bit later.” The Facebook Algorithm Mom Problem | Boffo Socko. ![]() HANDMADEJose Garcia Antonio, blind master potter from Mexico and one of his seductive clay mermaids, made onsite at the market. There are incredible markets around the world and then there is the International Folk Art Market in Santa Fe, New Mexico, an event that has been happening every July in Museum Hill since 2. Named the face of peace and the number one arts festival in the US by USA Today, this is the biggest global gathering of its kind. This year, 2. 5,0. The market starts with a parade of the artists welcomed by the city of Santa Fe as they gather in the main plaza welcomed by a Cuban live band. Li Edelkoort, the honorary chair for 2. Handcraft more than ever is a strong direction for the future. Since the two past decades, we have seen an increasing interest in handmade; first to rediscover nearly. Pes demo download 2006 pride and prejudice download 2005 download bot no pw fate zero opening 2 video download download gratis hotspot shield launch download jadoo. Hyde Park Group is a strategic culinary company connecting consumer insight to new food and beverage design. We deliver trend-forward new products. Keith Recker, the creative director, read the names of each country and cried when Syria was called. This market is humanity, humanity at its core” said Li to an audience of culture bearers who blur borders with an eye- dazzling convergence of handmade forms, textures, and designs—textiles, jewelry, beadwork, basketry, wood carvings, ceramics, rugs, glass and metal work, sculpture, mixed media, toys, and more. In these turbulent times, it’s an amazing experience to be part of something based on beauty and respect. Face to face with artists from over 5. As one of the 1. 54 artists who participated this year said, “The market is everything that’s right with the world” affirmed Keith Recker, IFAA Creative Director and board member. ![]() Kavita Parmar from IOU Project was a first time participant in Innovation Inspiration, a special exhibition area featuring works by 3. I have had the opportunity as a designer to present my work in many shows and fairs around the globe including fashion capitals like Paris, New York, Florence, Milan etc. I have never encountered such a strong sense of community and an incredibly beautiful empathy within the artisans, the clients and the many staff and volunteers of the IFAA. The client response I have had even after coming back from the show has reinforced my belief that the customer is looking for authenticity and a direct dialogue with the craftsperson and this is one of the answers to the future of a true luxury shopping experience. Carla Fernandez, from Mexico and also a first time participant, said that she was very surprised to encounter a spiritual experience sort of a boot camp of the positive, the possible and the future where sharing is the currency. She has been to many shows around the world just selling her products but this is the only time where she has felt a real support, a real sense of community. The show reaffirmed her belief that the future is handmade, that this is a possible and relevant future that can be a sustainable thriving business. She also said she encountered the real America, one that favors diversity and culture and a very different one from the one in the news. Porfirio Gutierrez from Oaxaca who participated in 2. To be accepted means to receive a special recognition and be the beneficiary of all the knowledge and care by a pull of top specialists in different areas such as branding, entrepreneurship, marketing etc. Porfirio was very proud to be chosen as a mentor this year, helping first time artisans to get around. Somporn Intaraprayong from Thailand, represented by Chinalai, has participated 8 times at the market. Her booth is the first stop of any serious textile collector and one of the first to sell out. This year she was invited as a panelist where she spoke from the heart about her community of seamstresses and sewers who use stitches to tell stories of the rice fields and their daily lives. She includes everyone who needs and wants to work, they all have a chance and get the most important teaching of all: there is also beauty in imperfection, beauty in every process, beauty in every stitch. Olga Reiche from Guatemala has been to the market 8 times representing pik’bil textiles from the Queckchi ethnic group of Coban. These lace type textiles were nearly extinct with all the Chinese imports. Olga, the daughter of a German and an indigenous woman from Coban, remembers visiting her grandmother and being mesmerized by her silver jewelry and intricate white lace dress made using one thread hand spun cotton, back strap loom and white on white. Eight years ago, Olga saw the market as the perfect place to present to the world this technique and to use this as an “excuse” to rescue the knowledge and convince the artisans that there is a market that appreciates their heritage. I have the highest respect for the show, I know I will be surrounded by the best of the best, all chosen carefully according to principles of ethics, respect, tradition, heritage and culture. There is no place in the world where artisans are respected and honored like in Santa Fe”. Olga travels to the market with Amalia Gue, a weaver from a remote village who at 3. Olga’s. Fe Francis is the name of Amalia’s baby, named after the patron of the city and the market. Indeed, this is not a market, this is a miracle, as one of the slogans claims. The Santa Fe Folk Art Market is a community of ideals around sustainability, entrepreneurship, empowerment, diversity, well being and cultural preservation. Artists go home with 9. This impact is especially great for disenfranchised women and artists from developing countries, where artisan work is second only to agriculture and daily income averages less than $3. For both consumers and artists, the most positive path to the future is handmade.” Affirms Keith Recker. Seeing these cultural treasures and meeting the artists creates a connectivity that stirs the heart, opens the mind, and invites us to speak a single language,” says Judith Espinar, a co- founder of the Market. Through folk art, hope grows and understanding spreads across the world.”Marcella Echavarriawww. Marcella Echavarria is a Colombian- born, Mexico City based lifestyle specialist. She collaborates with designers and artisans around the world developing links that connect local knowledge with global trends. Her specialty is branding luxury and sustainability in a way that preserves cultures and traditions. Instagram. Collectivo 1. Grados, a collective of Mexican potters, makes modern forms using traditional methods and finishes. Left: Densely stitched indigo textiles by Thailand’s Somporn Intaraprayong Right: Li Edelkoort shopping at Somporn’s stand. Generously scaled Thai tribal silver jewelry was included among the textiles at Somporn Intaraprayong’s stand. Detail of a hooked rug made from recycled clothing by Cooperative de las Alfombras de Mujeres Mayas de Guatemala, a group of over 6. An array of indigo and natural cotton textiles by Somporn Intaraprayong. Detail of the sensuous stitchery of Somporn Intaraprayong. Detail of the recycled running stitch quilts of India’s Siddi Quilters, an African diaspora group whose work combines Indian and ancestral influences. Naturally dyed silks by Somporn Intaraprayong. Peruvian textile artist, author, and community organizer Nilda Callanaupa demonstrating the basics of hand spinning the Incan way. Details of hand- sewn, hand- embroidered, and hand- trimmed traditional Mexican blouses. Nepalese carpet weaver Sandeep Pokhrel shows off the lush tactility of his work. Kyrgyz felter Fariza Sheisheye stands in front of a massive, masterful felt carpet that sold moments after the opening bell. Details of jackets and tunics from the workshop of Uzbek ikat master Fazlitdin Dadajonov, who learned his skills from his father and grandfather. A member of the Valadez family, whose Huichol yarn paintings and beaded objects are market favorites for over a decade. The sisal- beaded edges of Tintsaba baskets from a women’s cooperative in Swaziland. Rushana Burkhanova sits atop a luxuriant pile of intricate Uzbek rugs from the Bukhara Carpet Weaving School. Left: an embroidery artist from Qasab Kutch, whose revival of 1. Right: a sculpture from Mexico’s Juan Garcia Antonio Stitch by Stitch founded by designer Graham Hollick is run by Graham and Karen Sear Shimali. They work with embroiderers and textile artisans in Gujarat, India to create hand crafted contemporary textiles for the home. After several life- changing trips to India, Graham admits to feeling as though he must have lived in India in a past life. One of the things that really excites me about India, is the visibility of craftsmanship everywhere you go: statue makers, weavers, kite makers.. This is lost in our culture - it's just not an everyday thing." says Graham. 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Scripture Reference. Over 5,0. 00 entries & their meanings. Margaret Hamilton. Preface. Scripture Reference. The scriptures tell us that dreams and their interpretations belong to God. Though sometimes elusive, their interpretations are anxiously sought for God's will. The purpose of dreams is to warn and restrain us from evil, encourage and instruct us, and to reveal the future. Literal dreams need no interpretation. Dreams are not absolute if one receives instruction and heeds warnings. This dictionary has been compiled to help you better interpret and understand the meaning to your dreams, though they are unlimited. Proper names are capitalized and included, because they are so often substituted for their meanings. Joel 2: 2. 8 and Acts 2: 1. And it shall come to pass in the last days, saith God, I will pour out of my Spirit upon all flesh: and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams. I would like to thank all of you who have helped and encouraged me to write this book. I could not have done it without you. Top of Page. AARONenlightened leader. ABBEYspiritual refuge. ABBOTTa spiritual leaderabdomenarea figurative of self- control; exaggerated or unbelted shows no self control; bare has no spiritual coveringabductiona warning, though the abduction may be figurative; research details. ABELability to accomplish a task; generous, faithful. ABELARDresolute and steadfast nobility. ABIGAILspiritual insight, one who has joy in the midst of their troubles. ABNERenlightened oneabolishrevealed in order to be preparedabominationrevealed to avert the object of detestationabortionthe cancellation of a new beginning; see "baby"abovea positive direction or position. ABRAHAM, ABEblessed father and founder of many, faithful friend of Godabscessa festering state of progressive spiritual deterioration; research the anatomical locationabsent mindeda warning that one needs to take extra precautions to be mindful and alertabsentee ballotimplies that one will be absent, but can take care of business while absentabsoluteone does not have an alternative, in case there was any doubtabuserevealed to avert; research the type of abuse; see "bound"academya disciplinary type trainingacceleratorimplies the need to get startedacceptancerevealed to remove doubt and bring peaceaccessibleliteral information revealedaccidentforeseen mishaps, whether literal or figurative, can usually be avoided or lessened if precautions are takenaccidental crashnot necessarily physical, i. ACEone who brings unity and superiorityacidintense criticismacneanxiety from frustrating problemsacornthat which appears small and unimportant, but has the potential to mature into something greatacquittalfreed of an offense or accusation, formally or informallyacrobatone who has the ability to perform their duties with pliable versatilityacrylicfigurative of that which is man- made, thus insecure and temporary. ADA, ADALIAnoble and prosperous. ADAIRestablished and secure. ADAMthe first, a representative of Jesus, belovedadapterable to improvise in unfamiliar conditionsadder snakea dishonest accountantaddicta warning of one enslaved who needs deliverance; see "loose"ADDISONsupportive, generousaddressname and\or number is descriptive of the status of one's present situation; research accordingly. ADELAIDEjoyful. ADELINEof worthy nobility. ADLAItruthful witness. ADLERknowledgeable, discerningadmittancerevealed to encourage and eliminate fear of rejectionadolescentan immature adult; see "age"ADOLPHlofty deceiveradoptionformally selecting as one's own; see "transplant"ADORAloved and adored. ADRIAfilled with a love for life. ADRIANcourageous. ADRIENNEbrave confidenceadulteryusually used figuratively; see "sin", "sex", and "sensual"adversityrevealed in order to help relieveadvertiseadvice received should be taken seriouslyaffectionsincere appreciation or admiration may be seen as affection; research the typeaffidavitused as an informal statement of truthafterbirthfigurative of the dead past that one should leave behind so they can have a new beginning; see "baby"AGATHAcheerful and unselfishagedenotes the state of spiritual maturityagendaa knowledgeable plan revealed in a dream is invaluableaggressiveknowing the reason for the aggressiveness enables one to handle it wisely. AGNESselfless purityagreeablehelping one to live in harmony , whether or not they agreeagricultureworking in order to bring about or improve one's life manually or spiritually; see "cultivate"aidone's need will be met by someone, and both will be blessed. AIDSa deteriorating devastation, whether physical, mental, or spiritual, and one that was acquired. AILEENenlightened, faithful in the midst of adversity. AIMEEbeloved one, steadfast and determined. AINSLEYcreatively inspiredair filleduseless talk, boastingair gunoffensive words that will come to nothingair mattressreveals a useless situation which will come to nothingaircraft carrierrevealing a powerful authoritative force of help, unless an enemy aircraftairplanehigher degree of success and power over a situation. AKRAMgenerous, noble. ALANstrong and enlightened with a harmonious spirit. ALBENestablished in truth. ALBERTstrong, enlightened, of noble characteralcoholthe intoxication of the worldalcoholicmay be substituted for someone else with the same problem, revealing what to expect from them. ALDAestablished in prosperity. ALDENguided protector. ALDISprotective friend. ALDRICHwise, prosperous leader. ALDWINrighteous justice, victorious. ALETHAenlightened with truth and understanding. ALEXsee "ALEXANDER"ALEXANDERbrave and helpful defender of justice. ALEXISsee "ALEXANDER"ALFREDbenevolent counselor and leader, wise in diplomacy, peaceful. ALFREDAsee "ALFRED"ALICEestablished in truth and integrity. ALICIAsee "ALICE"alienadverse to one's situationalignmentgetting one's priorities in proper prospective. ALLANAenlightened with grace and harmonious spirit. ALLARDloyal and braveallegiancerevealing one's devotion and loyalty. ALLENsee "ALAN"allergyrepugnant reaction to the intolerable is revealed in order that one either lessen or avert any contactalleylow- ranking pathway. ALLIEsee "ALBERT"alligatorone who is destructive and antagonizing in reality, but fakes empathy. ALLISONestablished in truth and righteousness, blessedallowanceliteral, but the amount allowed may be figurativealluderevealed in order to help one face the problem instead of hiding from it. ALMAestablished in kindness and love, generous spirit. ALMIRAtruthful in word and deed. ALMOblessed, of noble characteraloehealingalonerevealing the desolation is also asking for help. ALONZOnoble helper of many. ALOYSIUSfamous for bravery and nobility. Alphaa word used by God proclaiming He is the beginning; see "Omega"alphabet soupprepared words that are given for one to digest; see "food"ALPHONSOnoble protector. ALTAexalted onealtarconsecrated placealterationspiritual flaws being corrected, according to the type and location of the flaw; research accordingly. ALTHEAloving healeraluminuma strong protective covering. ALVAcherished friend. ALVINbeloved friend. ALVINAjoyful, noble friend. ALVIRAtruthful, loving friend. ALYSSAenlightened and sincere. AMABELfilled with grace and love. AMANDApure in spirit and worthy of love. AMARISestablished and fulfilled in God's promiseamateura novice who may present themselves as mature. AMBERcherished as a jewelambiguousadvising one to be more precise. AMBROSEfound trustworthyambulancehelp will be given in an emergency of some type, i. AMELIAindustrious one, diligent worker. AMERYdivinely inspiredamethystfigurative of royalty and wealthammowounding words, etc.; see "gun"ammoniaused to remove spiritual impurities. AMOScompassionate, courageous spiritamputatespiritually pruned; research the anatomical location, for it must be spiritually restored; see "pruned"amusementsomething that should not be taken seriously. AMYsee "AIMEE"ANASTASISrenewed spiritanatomyeach part has a specific purpose; research accordinglyancestorappearance in a dream or at one's demise has a divine purpose, otherwise, it is forbidden by Godanchorhope that sustains. ANDREAbeloved one of grace. ANDREWenduring bravenessanemicsee "nourish"anesthesiathat which deadens one's spiritual senses until they have no discernment or willpowerangelsent by God to comfort, bring a message, protect, guide, warn of impending danger, etc. ANGELAdivine messenger. · Doomsday Clock writer Geoff Johns sheds new light on the series and how the conflict between Superman and Doctor Manhattan will change the DC Universe. The stratospheric amounts now at stake in newly built Manhattan buildings perhaps can be best understood by comparison with today’s contemporary art market, where. · Diverse roles for SWEET paralogues. The phenotypes of several sweet mutants have been described. AtSWEET1 (clade 1) is 42% identical to its paralogue. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Mutants in Manhattan Free Download PC Game setup in single link for windows. It's an action and adventure game. Mutants In Manhattan SteamSugar transporters for intercellular exchange and nutrition of pathogens. Li- Qing Chen,1. Bi- Huei Hou,1. Sylvie Lalonde,1. Hitomi Takanaga,1. Mara L. Hartung,1. Xiao- Qing Qu,1. Woei- Jiun Guo,1. Jung- Gun Kim,2. William Underwood,4. Bhavna Chaudhuri,1. Diane Chermak,1. Ginny Antony,3. Frank F. White,3. Shauna C. Somerville,4. Mary Beth Mudgett,2 and Wolf B. Frommer. 11 Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 2. Panama St, Stanford, California 9. ![]() USA2 Department of Biology, Stanford University, 2. A Gilbert Bioscience Building, 3. Serra Mall, Stanford, California 9. USA3 Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 6. USA4 Energy Bioscience Institute, 1. Calvin Hall, MC 5. Berkeley, California 9. USAThe publisher's final edited version of this article is available at Nature. See other articles in PMC that cite the published article. Abstract. Sugar efflux transporters are essential for the maintenance of animal blood glucose levels, plant nectar production, and plant seed and pollen development. Despite broad biological importance, the identity of sugar efflux transporters has remained elusive. Using optical glucose sensors, we identified a new class of sugar transporters, named SWEETs, and show that at least six out of seventeen Arabidopsis, two out of over twenty rice and two out of seven homologues in Caenorhabditis elegans, and the single copy human protein, mediate glucose transport. Arabidopsis SWEET8 is essential for pollen viability, and the rice homologues SWEET1. SWEET1. 4 are specifically exploited by bacterial pathogens for virulence by means of direct binding of a bacterial effector to the SWEET promoter. Bacterial symbionts and fungal and bacterial pathogens induce the expression of different SWEET genes, indicating that the sugar efflux function of SWEET transporters is probably targeted by pathogens and symbionts for nutritional gain. The metazoan homologues may be involved in sugar efflux from intestinal, liver, epididymis and mammary cells. The molecular nature of cellular sugar efflux in both plants and animals is unknown despite the fact that sugar efflux is an essential component for cellular exchange of carbon and energy in multicellular organisms. Sugar efflux from the tapetum or transmitting tract of the style, for example, fuels pollen development and pollen tube growth. Flowers secrete sugars for nectar production to attract pollinators, and plants secrete carbohydrates into the rhizosphere, potentially to feed beneficial microorganisms. Sugar efflux carriers are required at other sites, including mesophyll in leaves and the seed coat. In mammals, glucose efflux from liver is crucial for the maintenance of blood glucose levels. The primary goal of pathogens is to access nutrients from their hosts for reproduction. Phytopathogenic bacteria in the genera Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas can live in the intercellular space (apoplasm) of plants, where they acquire carbohydrates for energy and carbon. Successful pathogens probably co- opt nutrient efflux mechanisms of the host to redirect nutrient flux. Plants and pathogens engage in an evolutionary tug- of- war, in which the plant limits pathogen access to nutrients and initiates immune responses, whereas the pathogen evolves adaptive strategies to gain access to nutrients and suppress host immunity. Insight into mechanisms used by pathogens to alter plant immunity is emerging. However, the mechanisms that pathogens use to alter host physiology, notably efflux of sugars to support growth, are poorly understood. We hypothesize that sugar efflux transporters are co- opted by pathogens to supply nutrients. This hypothesis is supported by studies of sugar transfer from wheat leaves to powdery mildew. Pathogen glucose/H+ uptake transporters have been identified. Identification of At. SWEET1 as a glucose uniporter. To identify new transporters potentially involved in glucose efflux, we screened genes encoding uncharacterized polytopic membrane proteins from the Arabidopsis membrane protein database Aramemnon. Candidate genes were co- expressed with the high- sensitivity fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) glucose sensor, FLIPglu. V, in human HEK2. T cells, which have low endogenous glucose uptake activity. Among the genes tested, At. SWEET1 (AT1. G2. 14. HEK2. 93. T cells to accumulate glucose as detected by a glucose- induced negative FRET ratio change (Fig. To determine whether At. SWEET1 also mediates efflux from the cytosol, the FRET glucose sensor FLIPglu. VER was expressed in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER; Fig. Topologically, efflux across the plasma membrane from the cytoplasmic side is equivalent to efflux into the ER that is also initiated from the cytoplasmic side (Fig. The glucose- dependent response of the ER sensor demonstrates that At. SWEET1 can mediate both uptake across the plasma membrane and efflux into the ER. SWEET1 thus seems to function as a bidirectional uniporter/facilitator. The observed sugar uptake and efflux were not due to subcellular re- localization of the FRET sensors (Supplementary Fig. A carboxy- terminal green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion of At. SWEET1 was functional in cellular uptake and localized to the plasma membrane of HEK2. T cells (Supplementary Fig. At. SWEET1 carrying a premature stop codon at position 1. Supplementary Fig. Induction of endogenous GLUT glucose transporters in At. SWEET1- expressing HEK2. T cells was excluded based on insensitivity of uptake to the GLUT inhibitor cytochalasin B (Supplementary Fig. RNA levels of known human GLUT and SGLT glucose transporters (Supplementary Fig. The transport function of At. SWEET1 was independently demonstrated by expression in a yeast mutant lacking all 1. At. SWEET1 enabled the yeast mutant to grow on glucose (Fig. FRET glucose sensor FLII1. Pglu. 70. 0μδ6 (ref. Fig. 1e). At. SWEET1 functions as a low- affinity glucose transporter (Michaelis constant (Km) ~9 m. M; Fig. 1f). Consistent with a uniport transport mechanism, uptake was largely p. H- independent (Supplementary Fig. At. SWEET1 did not efficiently complement mannose, fructose and galactose uptake deficiencies of the mutant (Supplementary Fig. Radiotracer experiments in Xenopus oocytes were used as another measure for At. SWEET1 sugar uptake activity (Fig. Direct proof for efflux activity was obtained by monitoring time- dependent release of [1. C]glucose from oocytes after injection of radiotracer (Fig. In support of the function in cellular uptake and efflux, a constitutively expressed At. SWEET1–yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fusion localized to the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis leaves (Fig. On the basis of expression studies, At. SWEET1 is highly expressed in Arabidopsis flowers, where the protein may supply nutrients to the gametophyte or nectaries (Supplementary Fig. The biochemical properties of At. SWEET1 are markedly similar to an unidentified transport activity characterized in roots using FRET sensors. However, At. SWEET1 expression in roots was low, implicating other At. SWEET paralogues for this function. Characterization of SWEET transporters. SWEET1 belongs to a novel transporter family (PFAM PF0. Arabidopsis and ~2. Supplementary Fig. SWEETs fall into four subclades (Supplementary Fig. Supplementary Fig. SWEETs are small proteins predicted to form a pore from seven transmembrane helices (Supplementary Fig. Modelling indicates that the structure results from an ancient duplication of a 3- transmembrane- helix- domain polypeptide (1–3 and 5–7) fused via transmembrane helix 4 in a 3+ 1+3 configuration (Fig. Diverse roles for SWEET paralogues. The phenotypes of several sweet mutants have been described. At. SWEET1 (clade 1) is 4. At. SWEET8 (clade 2) (Supplementary Fig. At. SWEET8 (also called RPG1) is expressed in the tapetum. At. SWEET8 causes male sterility, compatible with a role in glucose efflux for pollen nutrition. At. SWEET1 and At. SWEET8 share 3. 1% and 3. Os. SWEET1. 1 (also called Os. N3 or Xa. 13; here named Os. SWEET1. 1 based on phylogeny)2. Similar to At. SWEET8, Os. SWEET1. 1 contributes to pollen viability, as RNA interference to Os. 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